Another word for academy leader.

A second take that is done as a backup after the first successful take.

Sama is an honorific term used in anime that translated means Mrs. or Mr. They are used to signify respect.  They are not normally used in conversion.

San is an honorific term used in anime that translated means Mrs. or Mr. San is used when a person of equal social status is being addressed and the person wishes to be more formal.

A bag made of cloth that contains two chambers for sand; the bag is placed over the legs of a light-stand to lend it some weight for greater stability. 

A chalk that is a reddish brown color.

Sans serif typeface is a kind of typeface that does not include serifs (such as Swiss or Helvetica).  The weight of the stroke is frequently uniform.  And usually the stress is oblique (however, there do exist exceptions to these general rules).

The way in which a paint binder changes into a discolored or transparent state.  This process occurs due to alkaline conditions or as a result of the paint being in a moist environment. 
 

Part of the hip and thigh section of the body, the sartorius includes the anterior superior iliac spine of pelvis.    It is located at the upper medial surface of the tibia.    It is responsible for flexing the leg at both the hip and the knee, and rotating the leg from side-to-side.

A type of water-based paint finish that contains a soft sheen when dried. 

The amount of brightness of a hue; the amount of purity of a hue. Chroma. Intensity.

Scale in drawing refers to the proportion or ratio that defines the size relationships.  Models, architectural plans, maps and paintings/drawings all use scale to create the illusion of correct size relationships between objects and figures. 

Scaling refers to the enlarging or reducing of a piece of artwork that may be either proportional or disproportional to the original piece.

A scanback is a professional back for large format studio photography.  The majority of scanbacks can make files of 300 – 500 MB.  They are scanned right onto a computer.  The drawback is that they are very expensive and to make them requires a person to have extensive photographic knowledge.   

A scanner is an input device that takes artwork and puts it into a digital file.  It works by using the sensitivity of light to translate the image into a pattern of dots.  Various kinds of scanners exist.  Examples of scanners include drum scanner, digital scanner, transparency scanner, scanback and flatbed scanner.

A scene is a single film shot.  The term “sequence” is used when referring to a number of film shots.  Sometimes “scene” is used to refer to a number of shots, but it is better to say “sequence” in order to avoid any confusion.

A scratch may occur on the base or on the emulsion.  Damage to the film is unfixable if the scratch is made on the emulsion.  Scratching the base can be fixed with wet gate printing. 

A mix along with some sound correction completed prior to the final mix.  A scratch mix is done to screen the film along with the correct use of the sounds to analyze if any alterations need to be done.  A scratch mix is usually only completed on big productions because producing one can be expensive.

A test done to ensure that the magazines or the camera are not scratching the film.  The test is completed prior to shooting by running a roll of film 1-2 feet and analyzing the film as it comes out. 

A sync recording that causes the sound information to be useless to anybody, except for dubbing actor voices, or for the sound editor to use the information for sound references.

A screen is a dotted fill pattern used in graphic arts that is described in percentage (such as 30 percent screen).

Screen resolution bitmaps of type characters that display the layout and size of the characters seen on the screen.  Screen font is not the same as printer font; printer font may include font outline masters or high-resolution bitmaps.

Script is simply writing that is done by hand.  It is often used to refer to a cursive style of writing.

A colored thin layer of an acrylic glaze or transparent paint over a surface.

A painting technique that involves applying layers of translucent or opaque paint on a painted area.  The technique is used to change the hue or look of the surface while maintaining at least a portion of the painted image underneath.

A type of marine plant that grows in the countries of Vietnam and China.

An Italian term meaning “dry.”  It is a technique of creating paintings on walls that involves applying paint directly on dry or lime plaster.  The plaster is moistened prior to any paint application. 

A phrase called out by the cameraperson to signal to the person with the slate to mark the shot a second time based on the condition that the clapper on the slate could not be seen the first time the shot was being marked.

Seinen is a category of anime and manga that is directed towards men.  It may involve pornographic material.  In the United States the equivalent of seinen is mature audiences.

Seiyuu is a term that refers to a Japanese voice actor.

 

Selects are the shots separated from all the other shots prior to starting the editing process in order to make the process more efficient.
 
 

Part of the hip and thigh section of the body, the semimembranosus includes the ischial tuberosity.    It is located at the medial condyle of the tibia.      The function of the semimembranosus is to pull the thigh backwards, bend the leg at the knee, and rotate the lower leg inward.

Part of the hip and thigh section of the body, the semitendinosus includes the ischial tuberosity.  It is located at the medial condyle of tibia.    The function of the semitendinosus is to pull the thigh backwards, rotate it inwards, and bend the leg at the knee.

Senpai is an honorific term in anime that is used to signify that a person is an elder, senior or upperclassmen.  Senpai is used to address a person who holds a higher position than a person of the same social class.

The term refers to a title addressed to an upperclassman or an individual who is senior to the person speaking. 

Sensei is an honorific term in anime that translated means “teacher.”

Serif is the shorthand device or pen stroke that ends the main stroke of a letter’s form.  Examples of serif include the hook or hairline.

A serigraph is a term describing silkscreen prints or prints that contain flat color that is layered to create an image.  Since each color needs a different screen, serigraph is an expensive process to make a limited edition.

A method by which limited editions are made by carefully screening the hues of an image on the backside of an acetate animation cel or on the top of canvas or art paper with each hue layered one at a time. 

Part of the torso, the serratus anterior is located beneath the scapula to its medial edge.  It is responsible for moving the scapula from side-to-side.  The arm is able to raise above the shoulder by means of the serratus anterior rolling its inferior angle upward. 

The horizontal width of characters in typography; the typefaces contain different horizontal set widths of each character (Times, for example, contains a narrow set width).  Also, set widths of single characters differ in typeset copy based upon the shape of the character and the characters around it.

A type of fine art painting technique that involves the softening of hard outlines through the use of gradual blending of tones into each other through thin glazes; its purpose is to create the illusion of space.  Fumare (to smoke) is the Latin origin of the word.   Leonardo da Vinci is credit with coining the term.  Chiaroscuro is a painting technique that is opposite to it. 

A decorative technique of cutting into a surface in order to reveal other various contrasting colors beneath it.

Shallow space refers to a 2D flat space that may have width and density, but contains only a limited amount of depth.  For example, a picket fence is an example of an object that demonstrates shallow space because of its lack of depth.  

Shape refers to an area that is defined by an edge on a 2D surface plane.  A shape is its own item – it is contained by a border and is separated from the other shapes in the area. 

A brand name permanent felt-tipped marker.  Sharpies are used to label exposed rolls. 

A yellowish resin made into varnish; shellac is created from the secretions of the LAC insect. 

The term refers to anime that focuses on manga stemming from girls’ magazines.  However, in the United States the term refers to manga and anime that is directed at girls.

Shojo Ai translates to “girl love.”  The term references to plots involving girl couples that focus on their growing romantic relationship as opposed to erotic sexual behavior.  It is not often shown in the United States.

The term translates to “boy love.”  The term references to plots involving male couples.  Currently, it is not fashionable in Japan.  However, the term is used in United States to refer to storylines regarding the relationship between homosexuals.  However, rather than revolve around any erotic sexual behavior, the term refers to their relationship that is built on a growing romance.

The proportion of the quantity of film shot in relation to the running time of the completed film.  For example, a 4 minute film that one shot 40 minutes of footage would be said to have a shooting ratio of 10 to 1.

The remainder of a roll of film that is unexposed in a magazine that is clipped and put into a can for future use.  In order to be called a short-end, the film has to be less than four hundred feet. 

The term given to exposed film starting from the moment the camera starts to when it stops.  A shot is also known as a “scene.” 

 Shrink-to-fit refers to a method of laying out absolutely positioned elements.  It closely resembles figuring out a table cell’s width through the use of automatic table layout algorithms.  Frequently, the user agent tries to discover the minimum element width that will envelop the content and wrap several lines only if the wrapping is unavoidable.  

A block of information or a story relating to other text which is placed separately from the main body text.  Frequently the sidebar is screened or boxed to separate and distinguish it from the main text.

Sighting in drawing or painting refers to the measurement of figures/objects in a visual way between other figures/objects in the composition. 

A signature may refer to the artist’s signature on a print after the printing process, or it may refer to the signature on the plate itself. 

A print that has been signed and numbered means that the artist’s signature (usually in pencil) and the number of the edition has been put on it. 

A print that is signed only means that the print has the artist’s signature on it, but it is not numbered.  A signed only print is often known as an “open edition.”

A silent camera is the term given to a type of noisy camera that can only be used for scenes that do not require sound (because it is so noisy).

A silhouette is simply a 2D shape that is set against a light background in sharp contrast to its own dark tone.

A material made up of oxygen, silicon and metal.

A natural fiber that is soft and luxurious; it may be woven into many different types of weights.   Most often silk is made from cultivated worms.

A type of water-based acrylic or vinyl paint that contains a soft sheen.  It is a durable, hardwearing paint that comes in either a satin or matte finish.

A process of drawing using a piece of silver wire to draw on ground that has been prepared with Chinese white. Da Vinci is one example of an artist who used this method to create many of his drawings.  The technique allows one to create many strokes and faulty marks before finding the “ideal” mark on a drawing because the silver wire leaves only a small trace of metal at each stroke. 

Figures that have the same shape, but are not the same in size. 

A single reel is approximately one thousand feet of film in 35mm.

The recording, editing or projecting of picture and sound on the same piece of film, as opposed to other kinds of cameras that may record them separately.  Using a single system brings along with it a few editing disadvantages.  For this reason, it is normal to use a double system for shooting and editing.

A reddish brown chalk that can be used to draw out frescoes.  It can also be used to create sketches and preparatory drawings for other works. 

An African and South American low-cost grass that may be tightly or roughly woven together.

(1957-1972)
Artists impacted by the 20th century avant-gardes, Lettrism,  Surrealism, Dada, Marxism ideas formed a small group that came to be known as the art movement Situationism.  The  “suppression of art” was the prime focus of the Lettrist International group.  They, like the Surrealists and Dadaists, wished to fuse together culture and art together, and have them be united in people’s everyday lives. The Situationist International was created in 1957 and spread its ideas throughout Europe into the 1960s.  The group was interested in change – both political and social.  Eventually, the group segmented into three groups, including the Antinational, the Situationist Bauhaus, and the Second Situationist International.  Asger Jorn and Guy Debord were important developers of the movement.  They and others worked to make culture and the totality of a person living in the capitalist system to see art as part of their daily living.  Kronstadt, the Makhnovists, and Spain were major influences of the group.  As the group developed, they made claims that they were not interested in a leadership system or followers of the group; however, in practice, any dissenting minorities were expelled from the group and they were careful about who was allowed to join the group.  In 1972 the first Situationist International fell apart.

 

A substance spread over a surface that acts as a penetrating sealer.  It is used to reduce its absorbency as well as to separate it from other coatings. 

The basic form of a letter displaying its most important identifying characteristics. 

A sketch is a quickly drawn, usually simple, drawing that is completed often for practice, as a means to remember information for a future piece of artwork, or as a means to decipher the essence of a person, place or thing.  Artists frequently use thumbnail sketches in order to work out the best composition and design for a piece of artwork to save time and prevent mistakes. 

In calligraphy, a slant is a letter’s slope in relation from the vertical.

In calligraphy, a slant line is a guideline that displays the appropriate slant. 

A hair cutting method that takes away excessive hair volume without changing the design of the cut encouraged for thick, medium hair.  This method helps to lift hair roots, create softness and adds movement to the hair.  Using this method for thinner hair may alter the intended results and so should be used with caution. 

A black and white dupe print of the work-print that is not timed.  A slop print does not contain splices, and hence is used for projection in a sound mix since the film cannot go out of sync.

The measure of a line's steepness as expressed in the form --  >    slope=rise/run. 

Threads that have a rough texture.

Another term for filler.

Small caps are capital letters positioned at the x-height of the font. 
 
 

An edge is the place where two different colors, textures or values meet.  Edges may be characterized in a variety of ways.  Soft edges blend together, making it difficult to distinguish where one texture/color/value stops and another begins.   

A light containing a surface built into it that functions as a bounce card.  The end result is a gentle, soft light on the subject matter. 

Solarization is a photographic image displayed in a manner in which the whites and blacks of the image are black in appearance; the midtones of the image lean more towards white in appearance. 

Sold out means that a limited edition print is no longer available for purchase at the issue price; instead, it is being sold at secondary market prices. 

Part of the lower leg, the soleus includes the posterior surfaces of tibia and fibula.    It is located at the achilles tendon to the bone of the heel.    It works the same way as the gastrocnemius; it is responsible for straightening the joint of the ankle, pointing the left or right foot, or lifting a person onto the ball of his/her foot.

Solid refers to the lines of type that do not contain space between each of the lines.

The value of a variable that will make an open statement true. 

In Italian this means "from below upwards."   Used in reference to a ceiling painting wherein the people, figures, and scenes are depicted foreshortened so that they appear to be suspended in space - and not contained within the flat structure of the picture plane. 

A type of blanket placed on the camera to lessen the camera’s noise.  It is the same as a quilted mover’s blanket.

A device that is mounted on a bracket that snaps on a synchronizer; it is plugged into the squawk box.  It is used for reading magazine stock.

Space refers to the area between certain points within a drawing or painting.  Edges define space. 

A cylinder made of metal that contains a hole in its center and a plate at its end.  The spacer is used to put reels at equal intervals as the gangs of a synchronizer. 

A special edition is manga printed in an individual issue or older graphic novel in the original Japanese format (bound on the right side and one reads it from right to left).  However, it should be noted that for the most part, manga is released nowadays “unflipped” in the United States; thus, the term is falling out of usage as it relates to these types of printings.
 
 

A type of finish designed for a particular area requiring special treatment.  Examples of such areas may include kitchen cupboards or radiators.  A kitchen cupboard might require a concrete melamine paint, whereas a radiator may require a silicone paint.  Each paint must cater to the particular area it is layered on.

Specificity refers to the weight of a selector ( its importance), along with the declarations related to the selector.  The values of specificity are cumulative with the values organized from right-to-left in importance.  A declaration is given more weight with the !important directive as opposed to non-important declarations.  The declaration keeps the specificity of its selectors; it is taken into account only as it relates to other important declarations.  

This term is called out to signal that the cameras are now rolling.  The term originated from the time when it took a little while for some equipment to get up to speed.

A kind of clear tape that is used to splice film.  Spicing tape may be purchased in two forms, perforated or un-perforated.  The un-perforated version is used with a Guillotine, and the perforated version is used with a Rivas.   Transparent tape is used with pictures, whereas opaque white tape is used for sound when splicing.

Another term for spreader.

Small sections of tape positioned along the legs of furniture or a tripod; spikes are used in order to mark their placements so they can be efficiently returned to those same positions later.

A term describing a type of bone convex form, a spine is an elongated sharp ridge.

A way of attaching two film pieces in order so they can project as a single un-broken piece.  A splice may be done in 3 ways, including as a cement splice, as a tape splice and as a ultra-sonic splice.  A cement splice is used for the original material, and the tape splice is generally used for editing.  When using Polyester base film, the ultra-sonic splice is used.

Because most hides are too thick for the majority of applications, hides are "split" to create a uniform thickness.  The process is done by a series of machine-cut layers which are then shaved to create uniform skins. 

A reel that can be screwed apart in order to place film on the core between its two halves.  The film on the core becomes the film on the reel.  One should be careful not to screw the two halves too tightly together, because they may become difficult to separate.

Usually a split screen is a matte shot separated in the middle of the shot. 

The process of winding a 400 foot roll onto four 100 foot daylight spools in order to use it in a camera that is capable of handling 100 feet of film.  The process is done in total darkness so that the roll remains unexposed.  The film must be wound totally through in one complete cycle and then spooled down.  This ensures that the edge numbers are printed on the correct side and are not printed on the work-print.  

Spot color separation involves the division of solid pre-mixed ink colors (such as brown or green) in offset printing.

A kind of meter used to take reflective light readings with a short telescopic sight.  The telescopic sight makes it possible for a person to take precise readings of a detailed area.

A spread is the joining of two facing pages that are created to work as a unit in a double-sided document.  A spread also refers to the inner panels of a brochure.

A device that includes 3 arms joined to a central hub that in turn is joined to the base of a tripod.  A spreader prevents the legs of the tripod from collapsing.

A spring-loaded clamp that attaches to a rewind in order to turn multiple reels together.

A roller’s teeth that are capable of intersecting with the perforations in film.  Sprocket holes are the same thing as perf.

The term spun refers to spun glass diffusion material. 

• 1 square inch = 6.452 square
=~ s/r//g
• centimeters144 square inches = 1 square foot = 929.03 square centimeters 
=~ s/r//g
• 9 square feet = 1 square yard = .8361 square meter 
• 30 1/4 square yards = 1 square rod = 25.292 square meters 
• 160 square rods or 4,840 square yards or 43,560 square feet = 1 acre = .4047 hectare 
• 640 acres = 1 square mile = 259 hectares or 2.590 square kilometers

A way to transfer a picture to a bigger or smaller format without changing the picture’s proportions. 

A little amplified speaker that is placed on an editing bench to take in sounds from the sound reader.

Elements in a page design that are repeated in an identical manner in every page in both content and page position.  Footers with automatic page numbers are examples of standing elements.
 
 

Standoff is the amount of space that exists between two text blocks that wrap, or a graphic and a clock of text.

 Static position refers to one type of layout of absolutely positioned elements.  If an element is in a ‘static position’ it is placed where its edge would normally be positioned.

Static positioning is one way that an element can be positioned with CSS.  If an element is positioned statically, the box of the element is created as normal.  Block-level elements create a rectangular box that is part of the flow of the document.  Inline-level boxes create one or multiple line boxes that flow inside the element’s of their par 

A station point is used in linear perspective as a stationary point from which a viewer is related to the object/figure being rendered.  It can be thought of as the point of reference from which all things in the artwork can be related to.  The station point may be very high or very low. High = bird's-eye-view.  Low = worm's eye view.   It is important to determine the correct station point when starting a piece of work, because the station point has a key role in determining how the viewer understands one’s composition and relates to the subject matter.  It may also be referred to as "vantage point". 

A type of flatbed brand that is well-known and popular.  Sometimes the term flatbed is used instead of Steenbeck.

A stele is a standing pillar or slab that displays an inscription.

A stem is the foundational vertical stroke in a letter’s form.

Part of the next and throat, the sternocleidomastoid includes the sternum and the medial third of the clavicle.     It is located at the mastoid process on the skull.    The sternocleidomastoid is responsible for bending the head laterally to the same side, bringing the ear toward the shoulder.  It is also responsible for rotating the head – allowing the face to turn away. The head rolls toward the back from both of its sides working together. 

A term used sometimes by electricians for an extension cord. 

A number of animation art drawings or just one drawing that functions as a visual plot line of the film.  Usually these drawings show the main theme or a particular scene in the film. 

A type of wooden chassis that is used for textile supports.  Its corners are firm and stable. 

A streamer is a little speaker positioned on an editing bench that takes in sound from the sound reader; the term originated from the fact that when a streamer is projected, it looks like a streamer trailing over the image screen. 

Stress is the axis that the strokes are created around in a typeface; stress may be vertical or oblique (positive or negative).  Stress is not the angle of the strokes.  Italics, for example, are created with slanted strokes.  However, italics do not necessarily contain oblique stress. 

A type of wooden chassis used for textile supports.  It contains corners that are expandable. 

Stripe refers to 35mm magazine stock that includes a stripe of magnetic tape instead of a full coating included on full-coat.  A balance stripe is used in stripe in order to stop warping from occurring.

The degree of contrast between the thin and thick strokes in a typeface.  Various typefaces contain particular stroke-weight characteristics. 

A flushed out painting or drawing created from one section or multiple sections of what the final composition will be. 

 

Style precedence refers to the determination of which styles are ultimately selected and applied to the html elements of a website.  An XHTML or HTML document may include inline styles, import and link to several external style sheets, and include embedded stylesheets.  Rules from all these style sources may differ from one another, thus CSS uses the method of the cascade to determine which style takes precedence among these rules.  Specificity and inheritance are the main parts of the cascade system that determine style precedence.  

A style sheet involves the typographic specifications included within tagged text in desktop publishing programs.  Style sheets may be used to prepare headings, titles and the attributes of text blocks (like tables), and the text used along with images.  Style sheets are used in order to create an efficient means of changing attributes and ensuring everything is uniform. 

Subhead is a phrase that follows a headline.  A subhead is presented in a smaller size than the main headline because it is secondary in importance to the head. 

A subscript is a character a little smaller in size in comparison to the remainder of the font.  Subscript is placed under the baseline; it is used within chemical equations, and as a base denotation in mathematics.  It may be used as the denominator of fractions.

The surface upon which a wall covering is spread over. 

A soft, velvety appearance of a leather surface usually created by buffing a split of good quality. 

A type of film format that was originally designed for blow up to 35mm.  It uses up the place on the film that is normally used for the soundtrack, and uses the area for a wider picture with a single perf 16mm film.

A fast and efficient prime lens; it is usually a T-stop of 1.3. 

Superdeformed refers to a very small caricature rendition of an anime character.  Usually they are visible in comedy and omake anime.  Animation from the United States does not contain these types of characters. 

The term superficial is a descriptive word regarding the locations of the body.  The term superficial signifies moving toward the surface of a form that is solid (like a leg).

A superimposition is actually the same thing as a double exposure; however, sometimes “superimposition” is used when referring specifically to a double exposure completed through optical printing - such as super-imposed titles for example.

Superscript is a character that is a little smaller than the remainder of the font.  Superscript is placed over the baseline, and functions in footnote markers.  It is sometimes used as the numerator of fractions. 

To supinate as it relates to muscles is to turn upward in regards to the forearm.  A supinator is a muscle that supinates.

Two angles whose sum of their measures equals 180 degrees. 

The main support for a painting, including any items such as cotton, paper, wall…etc
 
 

Surface refers to the tangible structure/texture of the painting area or drawing paper upon which one works to create an image.  The surface of the material used may be smooth, glossy, hard, rough, or soft. The surface upon which one works plays a key role in how the texture of the painting/drawing appears once the artwork is completed.  Any number of methods may be used to create a desired surface.  Possible materials to create a surface texture include sand, rubbing, scratching, building layers, using objects such as buttons/pins and erasing.

(1920s-1930s)  Surrealism was both a art and literary movement that stressed the significance of letting one’s imagination rule through the use of the sub-conscious without the hindrances of logic and normal standards.  The anti-rationalist characteristic that stemmed from the Dadaist movement was a part of Surrealism.  However, Surrealism involved more playful and spontaneous in spirit.  Ways of thinking about how a viewer perceives the world around himself helped to shape the movement.  The movement was begun in 1924 in the city Paris by Andre Breton, the author of the ‘Manifeste du surrealisme.’  His writings encouraged the expression of one’s imagination through the use of dreams.  His writings attracted many artists of the Dadaist movement.  The Surrealist movement was helped along in its development during the 1920s and 1930s with the famous artist Salvador Dali.  He, along with the other movement’s artists, stressed using the subconscious part of the brain to provide the content for the imagery.  The artists used a realistic style to paint their irrational images.  Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung, men who developed psychoanalytical theories, played a profound influence on the movement’s development.  And techniques such as automatism (free association) assisted the artists to put their theories into play in order to get their sub-conscious to become reality in their paintings and literary works.  Artists who used automatism to help create their work were called Absolute Surrealists.  And artists who focused on making connections amongst material and abstract forms were called Veristic Surrealists.  Their aim was to manipulate objects from reality into their paintings, as opposed to the Absolute Surrealists who tried to create imagery from their own minds.  The Surrealist movement had a big impact on the later movements of Magic Realism and Abstract Expressionism.  Moreover, the movement encouraged the idea of maintaining expressive thought in one’s artwork.  Key artists of the movement include: Marcel Duchamp, Georgia O'Keeffe, Max Ernst, Sir Henry Moore, Rene Magritte, Joan Miro, Salvador Dali, Pablo Picass, Man Ray, Dorothea Tanning, and MC Escher.
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The exact agreement of parts on opposite sides of line.  In contrast to asymetry where there is difference between two sides of a line - commonly to a higher degree (when asymetry is used to describe a lopsidedness or imbalance). 

A synbiotic is a product that contains both prebiotics and probiotics.  Yogurt is an example of a synbiotic.

The level at which picture and sound are successfully lined up.  If they are out-of-sync, the film can be difficult to watch because the picture will not correspond to the sound that the viewers are hearing.  If sound and picture are lined up well, they are said to be “in-sync.”  The term sync is applied to many types of picture and sound relationships, including voices, music, and sound effects.

The place in time that the clapsticks strike each other at the start of a shot, and the sound on the soundtrack that happens at this time as well.  A sync mark may also refer to the “X” mark placed on a single frame at the start of a reel of picture that lines up with another sync mark on the sound roll.  A&B rolls include sync marks at the starting points of their rolls. 

When a picture is being shot, the sound that is recorded at the same time as the picture is called sync sound.  A crystal or cable sync is used for sync sound in order for things to be lined up correctly and not be out-of-sync.  Sometimes the term is referred to as “lip sync” because the footage may include a number of people speaking.

A device used in the editing room for assembling, logging, syncing, measuring footage and checking sync.  The device includes a center axle along with multiple sprocket wheels (called gangs) that are joined to it.  A foot of film is equivalent to one revolution of the synchronizer.  Film is clamped into the wheels to the film can be measured with a footage counter.  It is a very helpful device because multiple items can be efficiently cut to the same length. 

The process of lining up the picture and sound of a film prior to editing a sync sound film.  Syncing includes cutting the extra sound that happens between takes.  And it includes putting in a filler so the sound and picture are lined up throughout the film. 

Man-made threads including acrylic, polyster, and viscose. Synthetic fibers often closely mirror natural fibers but contain properties that enhance their durability and resistance to water and stains.